THE SEMIOTICS OF THE RED COLOR IN SACRED COMPLEXES OF EARLY AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES: FROM THE NEAR EAST TO TRYPILLIA

Abstract

This article explores the role of the red color in the sacred architecture and religious practices of early agricultural societies in Trypillia and the Near East. Based on archaeological data from the Nebelivka temple complex and other Trypillian sites, the author analyzes the systematic use of red pigments in temple structures, sanctuaries, and domestic cult places. It is established that red color played a fundamental role in religious and ritual practices, being not just a decorative element, but an integral part of a comprehensive sign-symbolic system that structured the sacred space in accordance with mythological concepts. Common features have been identified in the use of red pigments in the cultic structures of the Trypillian culture and Near Eastern Neolithic complexes (Çatalhöyük, Tell Brak, Ayn Ghazal, Çayönü Tepe, Hacilar, Tell Karamel), indicating the existence of archetypal concepts or complex cultural interactions between early agricultural communities. The main probable aspects of the symbolic meaning of red color have been identified: marker of sacred space, symbol of the maternal principle, indicator of transformation and transition, element of astronomical symbolism, and a means of psycho-emotional influence during rituals.